考研英语阅读真题解析上

考研英语阅读真题解析上

Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science： exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur

participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right；but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a

logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. 51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________. [A] sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology [C] sociology and psychology

[D] physics and chemistry 52. We can infer from the passage that ________. [A] there is little distinction between specialisation and

professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________. [A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________. [A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation [C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies 重点词汇：

specialisation /7speFElai5zeiFEn/（专业化）即special+is（e）+ation，special（特别的；额外的），-ise动词后缀（specialise即v.专业化），-ation名词后缀；specialist（专家；专科医生）←special+ist后缀表人。Love is a special affection for a man or a woman，

which is stronger than that for any other person.爱情是对一个男人或女人的特殊的好感，它比对其他任何人的好感都强烈。specialist—a doctor whose patients can be ill only during office hours专科医生-一位医生：他的病人只有在上班时间才能生病。specialist—one who knows more and more about less and less专家-对越来越少的东西懂得越来越多的人。response /ris5pCns/（回复；响应）是respond（见2003年Text 2）的名词形式。The sartorial artist no less than the sculptor， the painter and the musician dreams of creations that will awaken a response in the soul of the world.好裁缝跟雕塑家、画家和音乐家一样，梦想着能在世人灵魂中引起反响的作品。accumulation /Ekju：mju5leiF（E）n/（积累，堆积）即accumulate+ation，accumulate（v.

积累，堆积），-ation名词后缀。University are full of knowledge； the freshmen bring a little in and the seniors take none away， and knowledge accumulates.大学里充满了知识，新生带进来一些，高年级学生则一点也不带走，于是知识就积累了下来。Books are the

ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom.书籍是积累智慧的明灯。professionalisation

/7prE5feFEnElai5zeiFEn/（职业化）即professional+is

（e）+ation，professional（职业的；职业人员），-ise动词后缀（professionalise即v.职业化），-ation名词后缀。In love woman are professionals， men are amateurs.在恋爱中女子是专业者，男子是业余者。clear-cut 明确的，清晰的。amateur /5AmEtE/（业余的；业余爱好者）可记谐音爱慕它，业余爱好者选择某专业必定是爱慕它。Every artist was once an amateur.所有的艺术家都曾经是业余爱好者。amateur—a young man who， when flattering women， is afraid of overdoing it业余选手-奉承女人时怕做过头的年轻人。distinction

/dis5tiNkFEn/（差别，区分）即distinct+ion，distinct （清楚的，明显的），-ion名词后缀。同根词：extinct灭绝（因为有x而省略s）；instinct本能。Success seems to be that which forms the distinction between confidence and conceit.成功似乎是形成自信与自负区别的东西。connotation /7kCnEu5teiFEn/（涵义）即con+not（e）+ation，con-前缀一起，note记录，-ation名词后缀，所有东西都被一起记录在其中→涵义。integrate /5inti e it/（使成为一体）←integr完整+ate，参disintegrate（2003年Text 4）。participation /pB：7tisi5peiFEn/（参加；分享）即parti+cip+ation，parti（=part），cip （=cap）抓（参captive，2003年Text 3），-ation名词后

缀，抓取其中一部分→分享；动词为

participate←parti+cip+ate.We participate in a tragedy； at a comedy we only look.悲剧我们参加，喜剧我们仅仅观看。in terms of依据；用……措辞。reveal /ri5vi：l/（v.展现；揭示；泄露）即re+veal，re-前缀（=away），veal（=veil）面纱，揭开面纱→展示。A person reveals his character by nothing so clearly as the joke he resents.没有什么比一个人所反感的笑话更能显露他的为人。If you reveal your secrets to the wind， you should not blame the wind for revealing them to the trees.你如果把秘密泄露给风，就不应责怪风把秘密泄露给树。emphasis /5emfEsis/（强调，重点）可看作em+phasis，em-前缀强调，phasis看作是phase（阶段）的复述形式，于是在各阶段里最值得强调的→强调。I sometime wish that people would put a little more emphasis upon the observance of the law than they do upon its enforcement.有时候我但愿人们多把重点放在遵守法律上，而非强调其实施。primacy /5praimEsi/（首要，首位）即prim （e）+acy，prime首要的，-acy名词后缀，primacy与privacy （隐私）一字母之差，隐私是最首要的。definition /7defi5niFEn/（定义）即defin（e）+ition，define（下定义；限定）见2002年Text 4，-ition名词后缀。It is almost

a definition of a gentleman to say that he is one who never inflicts pain.说一个人从不给人造成痛苦，这几乎是下了一个关于君子的定义。represent

/7repri5zent/（v.描述；代表）←re+present.Books only partially represent their authors.图书只是部分地体现了作者。reflect /ri5flekt/（v.反射；反映；思考）←re回+flect弯曲。There are two ways of spreading light： To be the candle， or the mirror that reflects it.散布光的方法有两种：当蜡烛或者当反射烛光的镜子。Who reflects too much will accomplish little.思虑过多者一事难成。referee /7refE5ri：/（仲裁者v.仲裁）←refer+ee.separate /5sepEreit/（分离的v.分离）←se+par+ate，se-前缀分离，par看作part分离，-ate后缀。同前缀词：select（v.选择a.精选的）

←se+lect选。We sleep in separate rooms， we have dinner apart， we take separate vacations—we‘re doing everything we can to keep our marriage together.我们在分开的房间睡觉，我们分开吃饭，我们分开度假-我们做着能做的一切以维持婚姻。You can’t separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom你无法将安宁与自由分开，因为得不到自由谁都不会安宁。delay /di5lei/（v.n.耽搁，延迟）看

作de+lay，de-向下，lay放，把事情暂时放下→耽搁。Never delay that should be done today until tomorrow.不要把今天应做的事推迟到明天。reckon /5rekEn/（v.认为；估算）看作re+ckon，re-前缀反复，ckon谐音啃，题目太难了，需要re啃才能估算出答案。I reckon being ill as one of the great pleasures of life， provided one is not too ill and is not obliged to work till one is better.我把生病当作人生一大乐趣，只要病得不太严重，并且在好转之前不被要求工作。To sensible men， every day is a day of reckoning.对明智的人来说，每一天的时间都要精打细算。crucial /5kru：FEl/（极重要的，决定性的）即cruc+ial，cruc词根（=cross），-ail形容词后缀，处于十字路口的→关键的。psychology

/sai5kClEdVi/（心理学）←psycho+logy，psycho词根心理，-logy后缀……学。The purpose of psychology is to give us a completely different idea of the things we know best.心理学的用途是告诉我们对最熟悉事物的完全不同的观念。psychology—①the science that tells you what you already know， in words you can‘t understand②the theology of the twentieth century心理学-①一门科学：它用你听不明白的语言告诉你已经知道的事②20世纪的神学。in one‘s own right凭自身条件；under way

在进行中。难句解析：

①No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science：exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless， the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and， in particular， may not fully share its values.▲先看前面的句子的主干是No…… distinction can be drawn between……，冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。在第二个句子中，一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless，表示语意的转折，其主句是the word amateur does carry a connotation，后面有一个同位语从句，里面有两个并列谓语。△注意nevertheless表示转折，其后的信息与其前面的信息意思相反，前面讲二者没有很明显的区别，后面便说业余和专业就是不一样。其次要看清the word amateur DOES carry a connotation而非DOES NOT.

②The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training， and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.▲两个分句有同一个主语，即the trend，两个谓语为was obvious和can be illustrated.前一个分句中based

especially on a mathematical or laboratory training 修饰areas of science. △注意be illustrated的用法，这里是举例说明，例证说明的意思；另外in terms of 是就某事来说，以某事为例的意思。③A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research， but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.▲本句的主语是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half（中心词为a comparison），谓语是reveals，宾语主体结构是not simply…… but also……所连接的两个并列宾语，注意宾语emphasis和definition前都有分词来修饰。△an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research 译为对科研的重要性的强调不断攀升，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper译为一篇过得去的科研论文创作标准也有所变化，其中what指代the elements that. ④The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs， a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing， first by national journals in the

nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.▲全句的主干结构是The…… result has been to do sth.。注意逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其核心词是a result，可以被看成是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个长的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by……， and then by……。△entrance入口，此处指发表文章，进入专业圈子。reinforce增强，也就是使难度更高。本句的理解重点在于理顺句子结构，要看到在第一个逗号之后没有动词了，可以一层一层地把这个名词短语分解开。⑤A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies， whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.▲这是一个并列关系的并列句，两个分句由whereas （而）连接，说明了两种情况，前面是在说professional，而后面说amateurs. △coming together nationally within one or two specific societies理解为组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社团。试题解析：

51. [D] 根据第二段第三、四句，19世

纪开始的专门化要求更长时间、更复杂的培训，日益增长的专门化给参与科学活动的业余爱好者带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的发展充分地说明了这一点。在这四个选择项中，虽然没有提到地质学，但是，众所周知，就19世纪而言，物理学和化学均是以数

学和实验作为基础的科学，因此[D]是正确答案。52.

[B]意为：业余研究者可以在某些科学领域与专业研究者相

匹敌。根据第三段，在20世纪，局部的研究（local studies）只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业研究者所接受。这说明，某些方面的研究是为专业研究者所认可的。第二段还提到，目前并存着分别以业余研究者和专业研究者为对象的两种杂志，专业地质学家组成了全国性的一两个协会，而业余研究者则通常是或者参加本地的研究协会，或者也以不同的方式结成全国性的组织。这些都说明了业余研究的不可或缺性以及与职业研究并存状况。A意为：专门化和专业化过程几乎没有区别。根据本文，专

门化过程（specialisation）和专业化过程（professionalisation）实质上是同一个过程，即：研究

领域的专门化带来了研究人员的专业化，一个是针对研究对象而言，另一个是针对研究者而宫，二者同时发生，不可比较。C不对。根据第三段第四句，专业研究者对业

余研究者甚至还有排挤的倾向。D不对。参阅本题对选择项[B]的解释。53. [A] 参阅第二段第三、四句并第51题题解。请特别注意第四句中illustrate （举例说明）。另外，第四段第一句也提到，虽然专业化和专门化过程早在19世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到20世纪我们才看到其全面影响。这句话也是对上一段的总结。B意为：业余研究者在科学研究中碰到的艰辛。例子中虽然提到了专业化结业余研究者带来的不利影响。但就总体而言，这个例子说明的是专业化和专门化过程的形成及其影响。C意为：科技出版物出版方针的变化。第三段提到了科学杂志的问题（参阅第52题题解），但这显然不是例子旨在说明的问题。D意为：专业研究者对业余研究者的歧视。54. [C]

全文第一句指出，专门化过程可以看做是对日益积累的科学知识的反应。该句的含义是：科学知识的积累促进了知识的进一步分类和分化（或专门化）。A不对。第一段第二、三句话的意思是，通过将研究课题分作更小单位，人们可以继续处理信息（注意：这里所说的information指上一句中的scientific knowledge），用之作为进一步研究的基础，但是，专门化只是影响交流过程的一系列科学发展的一部分。这里所说的communication指科学知识的交流。

B不对。专业比是随着知识的进一步分类而产生的，不是其

成因。参阅第52题对选择项A的解释。D意为：学术团体的分裂。全文翻译：

专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细化，个人能够继续处理这些不断膨胀的信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。在科学领域内，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分：任何规律都有其例外。但是业余这个词的确具有特殊的含义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。19世纪的专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加，而且人们对可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。因此，在19世纪，局部的地质研究本身就可形成一种有价值的研究；而到了20世纪，如果局部的研究能够被专业人员接受，那么它越来越倾向于必须体现或思考更广阔的地质面貌。另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究。其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加

困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强，这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果直到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从科学这个整体来看，19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。