讨论研究中国考试制度的可能方向,并进而探讨考试制度如何影响了中国人的教育方法,以及中国人的思维方式。
250
³o-Ó°ÝÃD¡AÀ³¸Ó«ü¥Xªº¬O¡A¹ï¤¤°ê§º¤¸¥H«á®a±Úªº¬ã¨s¡A¤j¦h¶°¤¤¦b¦¿«n©M¼sªFºÖ«Ø¦a°Ï¡]ÁÙ¦³¬ã¨s»OÆWªº¡A®³»OÆW¨Ó¥Nªí¤¤°ê¹ê¦b¤Ó¤£¦X²z¡^¡A³o¨Ç¦a¤èªº©v±Ú²Õ´¤Q¤Àµo¹F¡A¦Ó¥B¤@¯ë³]¦³¦@¦Pªº¯ª²£¡CµM¦Ó¡A³o¼Ëªº²Õ´¦b¤¤°ê¥_¤è«K¤£¬O¨º»òµo¹F¡C¦P¼Ë¬O®a±Ú¡A¦ý¬O¤¤°ê«n¤èªº²Õ¦¨¤è¦¡©M¥_¤è«o¬Û·í¤£¦P¡C¦è¤è¾ÇªÌ¥Îlineage³o-Ó¦r¨ÓºÙ©I¤¤°êªº
¡u®a±Ú¡v©Î¡u©v±Ú¡v¡A¦ý·Q¨ìªº¥D-n¬O«n¤è©w©~©ó¤@-Ó¦a¤è¦Ó¦³¦@¦Pªº¯ª²£¡A¦³±ÚÃÐ¥i¥HÃÒ©ú¿ËÄÝÃö«Y¡]¼s¸q¡A¦Ó«D¥u¥]¬A¶Ç²Îªº¤j©v¡F¤@¯ë¤]¥]¬A¤p©v¡A¤@¨Ö-pºâ¦b¤º¡^ªº³o¨Ç¤H¡C³o¼Ëªº®a±Ú¤H¼Æ¥i¥H«Ü¦h¡C
¦pªG¥H¡u©v±Ú¡v§@¬°´ú¶q¤@-Ó¤HªºªÀ·|-I´º¡]¥X¨-¡^¤Ø«×¡A³\¦h¦Ò
¸Õ¤Î®æªº¤H¥i¯à«K¤£¬O¥-¥Á©Î³h´H¥X¨-¤F¡C«á¨Ó¦³³\¦h¤H¬Æ¦Ü§â¦Ò¥Í¥À¿Ë¨º¤@¤è-±ªº¿ËÄÝÃö«Y¤]¤@¨Öºâ¶i¥h¡C³o»ò¤@¨Ó¡A¨º»ò¤S¦³§ó¦hªº¤H¤£¦A¯àºâ¬O¥-¥Á¥X¨-¤F¡C³o-ӾdzNÁͶյo®i¨ì¤F³Ì°ª®pªº®É-Ô¡A«K¦³¤H»¡¥_§º«e¥b¬qªº¾ã-Ó©x¹±¼h¬O¥Ñ¤Ö©ó¤C¤Q?¡^¡]-Ó®a±Ú©ÒÃbÂ_¡C¦Ó-ô-Û¤ñ
¨È¤j¾ÇªºRobert Hymes§ó§âªB¤ÍÃö«Y³£ºâ¶i¥h¡A«ÅºÙ¤¤°êªÀ·|ùجìÁ|¦Ò¥ÍªºªÀ·|¬y°Êµ¥©ó¹s¡C
§Ú-Ó¤H»{¬°³o¨Çµo®i¬O¦³ÂI¤£©¯¡A¦]¬°¨«±o¤Ó·¥ºÝ¤F¡C³o»ò¤@¨Ó¡A
¦³ªº¾ú¥v®a«K·|¤Þ¥Ó»¡§º¥N©Î¾ã-Ó¤¤°êªÀ·|ùØ¡A¯u¥¿¼vÅTªÀ·|¦a¦ì©M³ø¹Sªº¬O®a±Ú²Õ´¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¬ìÁ|¥X¨-¡C¨Æ¹ê¤WHymes«K´X¥G¬O³o»òÁ¿ªº¡C¡A
§Ú-Ó¤H»{¬°²¦³ºÁÙ¬O¦Ò¸Õ¥X¨-Å׬O«O»Ù¤@-Ó¤H¦Û¤v©ÎªÌ®a±ÚªÀ·|¦a¦ì35343332
32 Myron Cohen ¬O-ô-Û¤ñ¨È¤j¾Çªº±Ð±Â¡A¥L«K´£¥X¤¤°ê¥_¤è¤£¦Pªº±¡§Î¡C§Ú·Q¤@¯ë¤¤°ê¾ÇªÌ·|¦P·N¥Lªº¬Ýªk¡C¥Lªº¤å³¹ÃD¬°¡§Lineage Organization in North China,¡¨ Journal
of Asian Studies, 75 (1990, Mi.: Ann Arbor), 509-534¡C
33 ¥¦ªº¼Æ¥Ø¥i¹F¤@¸U¦h¤H¡C½Ð°Ñ¦ÒJohn Fei & Ts’ui-jung Liu, ¡§The Growth and Decline of Chinese Family Clans¡¨, Journal of Interndisciplinary History, 12.3 (1982, Cambridge), 375-408.
34 Robert Hartwell, “Demographic, Political and Social Transformations of China, 750-1550,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 42 (1982), 365-442¡C§Ú¹ï³o½g¤å³¹¦³©Ò°Q½×¡A½Ð°Ñ¬Ý
§Úªº¡q§º¥NªÀ·|»P®a®x¡Gµû¤T¥»³Ìªñ¥Xª©ªº§º¥vµÛ§@¡r¡A¡m²MµØ¾Ç³ø¡n·s²Ä19¨÷¡]1989¡A
·s¦Ë¡^¡A191~207¡CŪªÌ¤]¥i¥H°Ñ¬Ý§Úªº¡m§º¥N©x¾Ç±Ð¨|»P¬ìÁ|¡nªº¤¤Ä¶¥»§Ç¡C
35 Robert Hymes, Statesmen and Gentlemen, The Elite of Fu-chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 29-48, ¯S§O¬O-¶46ªº
µ²½×¡C