Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

MalthusianismG5An Essay on the Principle of Population

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

contentsThomas Robert Malthus An Essay on the Principle of Population Malthusianism Proposed solutions

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

Thomas Robert MalthusThomas Robert Malthus FRS (14 February 1766 – 29 December 1834)was a British scholar, influential in political economy and demography.Malthus popularised the economic theory of rent.

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

It was Thomas Malthus who first made the argument that in "every age and in every state" that population increases are limited by the means of subsistence, and that when the means of subsistence increases, population will also increase, and that the population increase will be limited by "misery and vice." This pessimistic view on the impossibility of real progress was first made in 1798, ironically, just as the industrial revolution was getting underway.

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

An Essay on the Principle of PopulationAn Essay on the Principle of Population, published from 1798 to 1826, observed that sooner or later population gets checked by famine and disease. He wrote in opposition to the popular view in 18th-century Europe that saw society as improving and in principle as perfectible. Malthus thought that the dangers of population growth would preclude endless progress towards a utopian society: "The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man".As an Anglican clergyman, Malthus saw this situation as divinely imposed to teach virtuous behaviour. Believing that one could not change human nature

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

MalthusianismMalthusianism refers to the political/economic thought of Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus whose ideas were first developed during the industrial revolution. It follows his 1798 writings, An Essay on the Principle of Population, which describes how unchecked population growth is exponential (1→2→4→8) while → → → the growth of the food supply was expected to be arithmetical (1→2→3→4), leading to a Malthusian → → → catastrophe. Malthus wrote during the time of the Manchester School of thought.

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

马尔萨斯在《人口原理》从两个抽象前提出发： 马尔萨斯在《人口原理》从两个抽象前提出发： 第一，食物为人类生存所必需； 第一，食物为人类生存所必需； 第二，两性间的情欲是必然的， 第二，两性间的情欲是必然的，但几乎保持现 认为在这两者中， 状；认为在这两者中，人口增殖力比土地生产 人类生活资料力更为巨大。 人类生活资料力更为巨大。 人口，在无所妨碍时，以几何级数率增加， 人口，在无所妨碍时，以几何级数率增加，即 16、32、64、 以1、2、4、8、16、32、64、12 256、512的增加率增加 的增加率增加； 8、256、512的增加率增加； 生活资料将以1 生活资料将以1、2、3、4、5、6、7、 10的算术级数增加率增加 8、9、10的

算术级数增加率增加

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

Proposed solutionsMalthus argued that two types of checks hold population within resource limits: positive checks, which raise the death rate; and preventive ones, which lower the birth rate. The positive checks include hunger, disease and war; the preventive checks, abortion, birth control, prostitution, postponement of marriage and celibacy. Regarding possibilities for freeing man from these limits, Malthus argued against a variety of imaginable solutions.

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

In the second and subsequent editions Malthus put more emphasis on moral restraint. By that he meant the postponement of marriage until people could support a family, coupled with strict celibacy (sexual abstinence) until that time. "He went so far as to claim that moral restraint on a wide scale was the best means—indeed, the only means—of easing the poverty of the lower classes."This plan appeared consistent with virtue, economic gain and social improvement.

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

三点结论为 人口必然地为生活资料所限制。 1、人口必然地为生活资料所限制。 只要生活资料增长， 2、只要生活资料增长，人口一定会坚定不移地 增长， 增长，除非受到某种非常有力而又显著的抑制的 阻止。 阻止。 3、这些抑制和那些遏止人口优势力量并使其结 果与生活资料保持同一水平的抑制， 果与生活资料保持同一水平的抑制，全部可以归 纳为道德的节制，罪恶和贫困。 纳为道德的节制，罪恶和贫困。 马尔萨斯认为这就是支配人类命运的永恒的和自 然的人口规律。 然的人口规律。

Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论

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