商务英语
第三讲 减译法词语的增补、重复与省略
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第一节 词语的增补与省略 一、根据英语与汉语在语法结构或行文 习惯上的需要 二、根据英语与汉语的词语含义或修辞 手法上的需要
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一、根据英语与汉语在语法结构 或行文习惯上的需要 有些词语在英语中使用比较广泛(如关 联词、代词)或者不能随便省略(如冠 词、虚词it、联系动词等),而在汉语却 使用较少或可以省略;有些词语在汉语 中使用比较广泛(如范畴词、量词、语 气助词等)而在英语中却可以省略或较 少使用。
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(-)增减关联词 由于汉语意合句多,不强调形式上的完 整,只要不妨碍意义的表达,即可省去 形式上的东西,英语形合句多,注重把 各种关系用语言形式表达出来。所以在 汉译英时往往需要增补必要的关联词 (连词、介词等);在英译汉时则往往 可以省去这些关联词。
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(1)传统的出口商品 The array of the traditional products for 丰富多彩。 export are rich and colorful. (2)他在中国工作了 一年,然后就回日本 He worked in China 去了。 for one year,and then returned to Japan. (3)好事不出门,坏 事传千里。 Bad news has wings.
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(4)留得青山在,不怕 没柴烧。 (5)我通宵没睡,非常 疲倦。
While there is life, there is hope.
I was fatigued because of sitting up all night. An death befalls all men alike , I’ll keep a loyal heart to make a name in history.
(6)人生自古谁无死, 留取丹心照汗青。
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(7)空气很轻,也具 有重量。 (8)公共场合不准抽 烟。.
Air has weight,though it is very light. Smoking is not allowed in public places.
(9)这屋子冬暖夏凉。 This room is warm in winter and cool in summer. (10)我们早 8点上班。 We go to work at 8 in the morning
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练习
(1) If I had known this beforehand,I would not have gone back. 早知如此,我就不回去了。 (2) Will you call as soon as you can conveniently spare a moment? 可否请你有空就来一下? (3) Take the whole into consideration, but do the job bit by bit. 大处着眼,小处着手。
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(4) As it was getting very late,we soon turned back. 天很晚了,我们马上就回来了。 (5) The soft can overcome the hard, and the weak can defeat me strong. 柔能克刚,弱能制强。
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(6)He will not leave until his business is concluded. 他不把事办完是不会走的。 ( 7 ) The Spring Festival is celebrated joyfully in all over the country. 全国各地都在欢度春节。 (8)Most substances expand on heating and contrast on cooling. 大多数物质都热胀冷缩。
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(9)In white
r,it is much colder in the north than in the south. 冬天,北方比南方冷得多。 (10)The force due to gravitation causes objects to have weight. 地心引力使物体具有重量。
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(二)增减代词 英语中为了避免重复名词,往往使用代 词,特别是人称代词和物主代词的使用 极为广泛;而汉语中却使用代词较少, 只要不妨碍意义的表达,往往要把代词 省去。所以英译汉时往往可以省略代词 (或把代词改换为名词);汉译英时则 往往需要增补必要的代词。
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( 1 )那位老人把手 插在口袋里在田野里 散步。
The old man was walking in the field with his hands in pockets. Small as atoms are, they contain vast amounts of energy.
( 2 )原子虽小,但 具有很大的能量。
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( 3 )我上周给他写 I wrote a letter to him last week, but I 去一封信,但不知收 wonder if he has 到没有。 received it. Please excuse me, I (4)请你原谅,我 shall not mention the 以后不再提这事了。 matter.
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(5) That dress was 那件衣服很贵,我买 so expensive that I 不起。 couldn't afford it. (6) As soon as I arrived at Shanghai,I will send you a telegram. 我一到上海,就给你 打电报来。
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(7)A cup of tea?
要给你倒杯茶吗?
( 8 ) How are you feeling today?
今天感觉怎么样?
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(三)增减联系动词 由于汉语的描写句一般没有联系动词 (即不用动词作谓语,而直接用形容词、 名词、介词、短语、或主谓结构作谓 语),汉译英时须补上联系动词,有时 需将汉语句中形容词前的“很”字省去; 英译汉时要省去联系动词;如果汉语中 形容词作谓语,往往在前面要增补一个 “很”字。
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( 1 )北京的秋天最 Autumn is the most beautiful season in 美。 Beijing. It is fine today. ( 2 )今天天气很好。 (3)这苹果很甜。 The apple tastes sweet.
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练习 (1) We are happy that you have got well. 你病好了,我们很高兴。 (省略联系动词are和have got,在“高兴” 前加“很”字,并将原文第二个谓语译 成主谓结构) (2)He has grown old. 他老了。 (省略联系动词has grown)
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(3) That sounds quite reasonable. 那很有道理。 (省略联系动词sounds) Everything is in good order. 一切井井有条。 (省略联系动词is)
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(四)增减虚词“it” 英语中无人称代词it,强调句中的it,和 语法上作形式主语或形式宾语的it,是汉 语中所没有的一种虚词。因此一般说来, 在汉译英时要将it补上,在英译汉时要省 去不译。