国际音标
英语国际音标表(48个) 元音(20个)
辅音(28个)
英语语音基础知识
1.关于语音的几个概念
1) 字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u。 2) 音标:词的语音形式。
3) 音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。
4) 音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap’ple, stu’dent, tea’cher, un’der’stand
5) 元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。 6) 辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。 英语中有28个辅音。
7) 开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi 8) 闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b) 元音+辅音it 9) 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。 2. 元音:(注意:下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)
1) [ 2) [ 3) [ 4) [
5) [ 6) [
7) [ 8) [ 9) [ 10) [Λ] c
11) [
12) [ 13) [
14) [ 15) [ 16) [17) [ 18) [i 19) [ε 20) [u 3. 容易混淆的元音
1) [e] [æ] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land 2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid 3) [e] [ai] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4) [au] [ :] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause 5) [au] [Λ] found fond; gown gone; down don 4. 辅音
1) [p] pen, 2) [b] bed, comb 3) [t] tell,
4) [d], day, played, wanted
5) [k] cold, sky, qui, sool, ba, acept, box 6) [g] big, go, ess, lanuage 7) [m] man
8) [n] nine, ife, autumn
9) [η] bank, uncle, English, sing, 10) [l] land, world 11) [r] read, ite, 12) [f] five, cou, lau 13) [v] voice, of 14) [θ] think, 15) [ ð] is, bae
16) [s] sit, mi, ience, case, carf 17) [z] zoo, close,
18) [∫] sure, she, soal, naon 19) [/] pleasure, 20) [h] hot, o, hour 21) [w] wall, at, aner 22) [j] yes
23) [t∫] ild, tea, ca 24) [d/] joke, bri, 25) [ts] boa 26) [dz] goo 27) [tr] ee 28) [dr] eam 5. 容易混淆的辅音
1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2) [s] [θ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math 3) [z] [ð] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes 4) [n] [η] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
6. 读音规则
1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句) 2) 非重读音节
[ 7. 特殊读音
1) 音的连读:not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2) 失去爆破:good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme 3) 音的同化:this year, Would you do it? Can’t you see it? 8. 重音
1) 单词重音 A) 双音节词
a) 一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry
b) 有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。
a’bout, be’lieve, ad’dress, de’cide, re’port, con’demn, res’pect, com’pare, in’form, dis’cuss, im’press,
mis’take,
en’force,
pre’pare,
em’ploy,
per’mit,
es’cape,
pro’duce,
ex’claim,trans’late
c) 有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,其它的词性在第二个音节上。
‘record, re’cord; ‘insult, in’sult; ‘conduct, con’duct; ‘present pre’sent; ‘content, con’tent
d) 有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词,有两个重音。 ‘out’side, ‘re’tell, ‘well-’known, ‘un’real, ‘fif’teen, ‘Chi’nese, ‘pre-’war, ‘post-’war
B) 多音节词
a) 一般倒数第三个音节是重音。’difficult, ‘communist, ‘family, e’conomy, oppor’tunity, de’mocracy.
b) 有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。
‘carefully, in’definite, ‘comfortable, con’ductor, ac’cording, dis’turbance, ‘complicated, es’tablishment,
c) 词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词,重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。
cour’teous,
cal’ligraphy,
edi’torial,
his’torian,
peri’odic,
mathe’matics,
ex’perience,suf’ficient, i’dentify, trans’lation, re’ligious, curi’osity, pro’tective
d) 词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。enter’tain, emplo’yee, mountai’neer, Japa’nese, ciga’rette
2) 句子重音
A) 英语的节奏:(轻)-轻-重-轻-(轻)或重-轻-(轻)(轻)重
B) 英语句子的长短:是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的,而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。
C) 实词重读(副词重读),虚词轻读(冠词,单音节介词,单音节连词,人称代词,反代词,物主代词,关系代词,相互代词,助动词,情态动词和系动词be.
D) 实词不重读的特殊情况 a) 实词第二次出现
He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 c) 代替词
Which book do you want? The small one. d) 感叹词中的 what 和how
What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在专有名词中
f) this在这些短语中,this morning/afternoon/evening E) 虚词重读的特殊情况
a) 情态动词,助动词和系动词be在句首,句尾和否定时。
you like it? Yes, I . you a doctor? Yes, I . you help me? Yes, I . I like you. He t a worker. b) 情态动词表示可能,惊奇和肯定时。
They come this evening. it be five already? He be in the room. c) 介词在句首和句尾。
the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked . d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。
you wish, I’ll visit you. he comes, I’ll tell him. e)反身代词表示强调。 He couldn’t come .
练习见材料
一.找出画线部分读音不同的单词
( ( ) 2. A. back B. fast C. have D. map ( ) 3. A. warm B. garden C. market D. party ( ) 4. A. school B. tooth C. choose D. good ( ) 5. A. book B. moody C. look D. cook ( ) 6. A. June B. ruler C. put D. menu ( ) 7. A. push B. fun C. sun D. ugly ( ) 8. A. tiger B. her C. officer D. over
( ) 9. A. go B. no C. cold D. hot ( ) 10.A. like B. lion C. pizza D. Friday 二.填空
1.英语共有_______个音标.
2.音标分为______音和______音两大类.
3.元音有________个,分为_____元音和_____元音.
4.辅音有________个,按声带振动情况分为____辅音和____辅音.
三.判断下列单词的音标,打√或× ( ) 1. listing 读成 [listin]. ( ) 2. yes 读成 [jes]. ( ) 3. wash 读成 [wa:∫]. ( ) 4. mind 读成 [maid]. ( ) 5. change 读成 [t∫ein d ]. ( ) 6. tests 读成 [tests].
四.找出划线部分读音不同的单词。
( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
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