Honeycomb Carbon A Review of Graphene 石墨烯综述(13)

纳米材料在生物医学中的应用

144ChemicalReviews,2010,Vol.110,No.1attachmentoffunctionalgroupsaimedatself-assemblyofsimplecircuitsortheincorporationofchemicaldopantstolimitleakagecurrentunderzerogatebias.Forsensors,lock-and-keytypebindingsitescouldprovideselectivesensitivitytoawidevarietyofanalytes.Thesemightincludechemicalwarfareagentsorevenbiologicalspecies.

Third,industrialuseofgrapheneasatransparentconductorcouldhavehugeimplicationsforthesolarindustry.Assyntheticroutesimprove,theprospectofreplacingITOwithalow-costcarbon-basedcoatingseemsfeasible.Thiswouldnotonlyremovesigni cantuncertaintyabouttheavailabilityandcostofindiumbutalsoenablenonevaporativeroll-to-rollprocessingoftransparentconductors.

8.Conclusions

The eldofgraphene-relatedresearchhasgrownataspectacularpacesincesingle-layer akeswere anicandmaterialschemistsarebusilyworkingonnewsyntheticroutestohigh-qualitysinglelayers,whileengineersaredesigningnoveldevicestoexploitgraphene’sextraordinaryproperties.Inlightofsuchcollaborations,itisdif culttobelievethatthefutureforgrapheneisanythingbutbright.

9.Acknowledgments

TheauthorswouldliketothanktheNationalScienceFoundation’sNSF-IGERTprogram,theUCLA-basedFunc-tionalEngineeringNanoArchitechtonicsFocusedCenterResearchProgram(FENA-FCRP),theDARPACERAprogram,andNorthrop-Grumman/UCDiscoveryfor nancialsupport.

10.References

(1)Lu,X.K.;Yu,M.F.;Huang,H.;Ruoff,R.S.Nanotechnology1999,

10,269.

(2)Novoselov,K.S.;Geim,A.K.;Morozov,S.V.;Jiang,D.;Zhang,

Y.;Dubonos,S.V.;Grigorieva,I.V.;Firsov,A.A.Science2004,306,666.

(3)Landau,L.D.Phys.Z.Sowjetunion1937,11,26.(4)Peierls,R.E.Ann.Inst.HenriPoincare1935,5,177.

(5)Stangl,J.;Holy,V.;Bauer,G.ReV.Mod.Phys.2004,76,725.(6)Meyer,J.C.;Geim,A.K.;Katsnelson,M.I.;Novoselov,K.S.;

Booth,T.J.;Roth,S.Nature2007,446,60.

(7)Bolotin,K.I.;Sikes,K.J.;Jiang,Z.;Klima,M.;Fudenberg,G.;

Hone,J.;Kim,P.;Stormer,H.L.SolidStateCommun.2008,146,351.

(8)Bolotin,K.I.;Sikes,K.J.;Hone,J.;Stormer,H.L.;Kim,P.Phys.

ReV.Lett.2008,101,096802.

(9)Novoselov,K.S.;Jiang,D.;Schedin,F.;Booth,T.J.;Khotkevich,

V.V.;Morozov,S.V.;Geim,A.K.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.2005,102,10451.

(10)Geim,A.K.;Novoselov,K.S.Nat.Mater.2007,6,183.(11)Katsnelson,M.I.Mater.Today2006,10,20.

(12)Novoselov,K.S.;McCann,E.;Morozov,S.V.;Fal’ko,V.I.;

Katsnelson,M.I.;Zeitler,U.;Jiang,D.;Schedin,F.;Geim,A.K.Nat.Phys.2006,2,177.

(13)Jiang,Z.;Zhang,Y.;Tan,Y.W.;Stormer,H.L.;Kim,P.SolidState

Commun.2007,143,14.

(14)Jiang,Z.;Zhang,Y.;Stormer,H.L.;Kim,P.Phys.ReV.Lett.2007,

99,106802.

(15)Zhang,Y.B.;Tan,Y.W.;Stormer,H.L.;Kim,P.Nature2005,

438,201.

(16)Novoselov,K.S.;Jiang,Z.;Zhang,Y.;Morozov,S.V.;Stormer,

H.L.;Zeitler,U.;Maan,J.C.;Boebinger,G.S.;Kim,P.;Geim,A.K.Science2007,315,1379.

(17)Ozyilmaz,B.;Jarillo-Herrero,P.;Efetov,D.;Abanin,D.A.;Levitov,

L.S.;Kim,P.Phys.ReV.Lett.2007,99,186804.

Allenetal.

(18)Novoselov,K.S.;Geim,A.K.;Morozov,S.V.;Jiang,D.;Katsnelson,

M.I.;Grigorieva,I.V.;Dubonos,S.V.;Firsov,A.A.Nature2005,438,197.

(19)Morozov,S.V.;Novoselov,K.S.;Katsnelson,M.I.;Schedin,F.;

Elias,D.C.;Jaszczak,J.A.;Geim,A.K.Phys.ReV.Lett.2008,100,016602.

(20)Han,M.;Ozyilmaz,B.;Zhang,Y.;Jarillo-Herero,P.;Kim,P.Phys.

StatusSolidiB:BasicSolidStatePhys.2007,244,4134.

(21)Schedin,F.;Geim,A.K.;Morozov,S.V.;Hill,E.W.;Blake,P.;

Katsnelson,M.I.;Novoselov,K.S.Nat.Mater.2007,6,652.(22)Novoselov,K.;Geim,A.Mater.Technol.2007,22,178–179.(23)Ruoff,R.Nat.Nanotech.2008,3,10.

(24)Castro,E.V.;Novoselov,K.S.;Morozov,S.V.;Peres,N.M.R.;

DosSantos,J.M.B.L.;Nilsson,J.;Guinea,F.;Geim,A.K.;Neto,A.H.C.Phys.ReV.Lett.2007,99,216802.

(25)Meyer,J.C.;Geim,A.K.;Katsnelson,M.I.;Novoselov,K.S.;

Obergfell,D.;Roth,S.;Girit,C.;Zettl,A.SolidStateCommun.2007,143,101.

(26)Yan,J.;Henriksen,E.A.;Kim,P.;Pinczuk,A.Phys.ReV.Lett.2008,

101,136804.

(27)Stankovich,S.;Dikin,D.A.;Dommett,G.H.B.;Kohlhaas,K.M.;

Zimney,E.J.;Stach,E.A.;Piner,R.D.;Nguyen,S.T.;Ruoff,R.S.Nature2006,442,282.

(28)Stankovich,S.;Piner,R.D.;Chen,X.Q.;Wu,N.Q.;Nguyen,S.T.;

Ruoff,R.S.J.Mater.Chem.2006,16,155.

(29)Stankovich,S.;Dikin,D.A.;Piner,R.D.;Kohlhaas,K.A.;

Kleinhammes,A.;Jia,Y.;Wu,Y.;Nguyen,S.T.;Ruoff,R.S.Carbon2007,45,1558.

(30)Li,D.;Muller,M.B.;Gilje,S.;Kaner,R.B.;Wallace,G.G.Nat.

Nanotechnol.2008,3,101.

(31)Gilje,S.;Han,S.;Wang,M.;Wang,K.L.;Kaner,R.B.NanoLett.

2007,7,3394.

(32)Hernandez,Y.;Nicolosi,V.;Lotya,M.;Blighe,F.M.;Sun,Z.Y.;

De,S.;McGovern,I.T.;Holland,B.;Byrne,M.;Gun’ko,Y.K.;Boland,J.J.;Niraj,P.;Duesberg,G.;Krishnamurthy,S.;Goodhue,R.;Hutchison,J.;Scardaci,V.;Ferrari,A.C.;Coleman,J.N.Nat.Nanotechnol.2008,3,563.

(33)Muller,M.;Kubel,C.;Mullen,K.Chem.sEur.J.1998,4,2099.(34)Tyutyulkov,N.;Madjarova,G.;Dietz,F.;Mullen,K.J.Phys.Chem.

B1998,102,10183.

(35)Yang,X.Y.;Dou,X.;Rouhanipour,A.;Zhi,L.J.;Rader,H.J.;

Mullen,K.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2008,130,4216.

(36)Wu,J.S.;Pisula,W.;Mullen,K.Chem.ReV.2007,107,718.(37)Berger,C.;Song,Z.M.;Li,T.B.;Li,X.B.;Ogbazghi,A.Y.;Feng,

R.;Dai,Z.T.;Marchenkov,A.N.;Conrad,E.H.;First,P.N.;deHeer,W.A.J.Phys.Chem.B2004,108,19912.

(38)Berger,C.;Song,Z.M.;Li,X.B.;Wu,X.S.;Brown,N.;Naud,C.;

Mayou,D.;Li,T.B.;Hass,J.;Marchenkov,A.N.;Conrad,E.H.;First,P.N.;deHeer,W.A.Science2006,312,1191.

(39)deHeer,W.A.;Berger,C.;Wu,X.S.;First,P.N.;Conrad,E.H.;

Li,X.B.;Li,T.B.;Sprinkle,M.;Hass,J.;Sadowski,M.L.;Potemski,M.;Martinez,G.SolidStateCommun.2007,143,92.

(40)Hass,J.;deHeer,W.A.;Conrad,E.H.J.Phys.:Condens.Matter

2008,20,323202.

(41)Reina,A.;Jia,X.T.;Ho,J.;Nezich,D.;Son,H.B.;Bulovic,V.;

Dresselhaus,M.S.;Kong,J.NanoLett.2009,9,30.(42)Kim,K.S.Nature2009,457,706.

(43)Sutter,P.W.;Flege,J.I.;Sutter,E.A.Nat.Mater.2008,7,406.(44)Gomez-Navarro,C.;Weitz,R.T.;Bittner,A.M.;Scolari,M.;Mews,

A.;Burghard,M.;Kern,K.NanoLett.2007,7,3499.

(45)Kam,N.W.S.;Liu,Z.;Dai,H.J.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2005,127,

12492.

(46)Shim,M.;Kam,N.W.S.;Chen,R.J.;Li,Y.M.;Dai,H.J.Nano

Lett.2002,2,285.

(47)Strano,M.S.;Dyke,C.A.;Usrey,M.L.;Barone,P.W.;Allen,

M.J.;Shan,H.W.;Kittrell,C.;Hauge,R.H.;Tour,J.M.;Smalley,R.E.Science2003,301,1519.

(48)Boul,P.J.;Liu,J.;Mickelson,E.T.;Huffman,C.B.;Ericson,L.M.;

Chiang,I.W.;Smith,K.A.;Colbert,D.T.;Hauge,R.H.;Margrave,J.L.;Smalley,R.E.Chem.Phys.Lett.1999,310,367.

(49)Holzinger,M.;Vostrowsky,O.;Hirsch,A.;Hennrich,F.;Kappes,

M.;Weiss,R.;Jellen,F.Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.2001,40,4002.(50)Georgakilas,V.;Kordatos,K.;Prato,M.;Guldi,D.M.;Holzinger,

M.;Hirsch,A.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2002,124,760.

(51)DasSarma,S.;Geim,A.K.;Kim,P.;MacDonald,A.H.SolidState

Commun.2007,143,1.

(52)Neto,A.H.C.;Guinea,F.;Peres,N.M.R.;Novoselov,K.S.;Geim,

A.K.ReV.Mod.Phys.2009,81,109.

(53)Graphiteintercalationcompoundsandapplications;Endo,M.,Ed.;

OxfordUniversityPress:2003.

(54)Delhaes,P.Graphiteandprecursors;CRCPress:2001.(55)Survey,U.S.G.,2007.