新编简明英语语言学教程1-6章期末复习资料

新编简明英语语言学教程

Chapter one Introduction

一、定义

1.语言学Linguistics

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

2.普通语言学General Linguistics

The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.

3.语言language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.语言识别特征Design Features

It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性

Productivity多产性 （创造性）

Duality双重性

Displacement移位性

Cultural transmission文化传递

书上1.1.3语言学界里几个重要的概念区别（5-12）：

5.语言能力Competence （抽象）

Competence is the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language.

6.语言运用performance （具体）

Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.

语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics

The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.

8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics

The study of a given language at a given time.

9.语言langue （抽象）

The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.

10.言语parole （具体）

The realization of langue in actual use.

11.规定性Prescriptive

It aims to lay down rules for ‖correct‖ behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.

12.描述性Descriptive

A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.

二、知识点

http://www.77cn.com.cnnguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘s a social activity carried out in a certain social 1

新编简明英语语言学教程

environment by human beings.

语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

http://www.77cn.com.cnnguage is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判断题

6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。

三、问答题

1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? 语言学范畴内容知识

Phonetics----it‘s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it‘s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world‘s languages.

Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.

Morphology---It‘s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.

Semantics---It‘s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.

Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.

Others 非考试要求内容

2.why do we say language is arbitrary?

Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.

The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it‘s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.

A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness‘ of language is a rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘.

3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?

Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。 traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on‘ high‘ written language.

传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。

4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why

Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.

现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。

5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings?

Speech enjoys for the following reasons:

⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.

⑵A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing.

⑶speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.

6.how is Saussure‘s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky‘s ?

2

新编简明英语语言学教程

Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study

Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, compete …… 此处隐藏：20839字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……