自考英语二的课文翻译

[00:29.60]Unit 1 Text A What Is a Decision?

[00:32.72]决策是什么?

[00:35.84]A decision is a choice

[00:40.28]made from among alternative courses of action that are available.

[00:43.66]决策即是从几种可行的行为中做出选择.

[00:47.05]The purpose of makinga decision

[00:51.10]is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.

[00:54.82]决策的目的是为了建立和达到组织的目标.

[00:58.54]The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists,

[01:01.56]决策的原因是存在着问题,

[01:04.57]goals or objectives are wrong

[01:06.99]目标有误,

[01:09.41]or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.

[01:12.03]或有某种东西妨碍着它的实现.

[01:14.66]Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.

[01:18.38] 因此决策的过程对于管理是必不可和的.

[01:22.10]almost everything a manager does involves decisions,

[01:25.63]几乎管理者所做的所有事情都涉及到决策.

[01:29.16]indeed,some suggest that the management process is decisions making.

[01:33.09]确实,有人认为管理过程就是决策过程.

[01:37.02]Although managers cannot predict the future,

[01:40.05]虽然管理者不能预测未来,

[01:43.08]many of their decisions require that they condider possible future events.

[01:47.05]但他们的许多决策还是要求他们考虑到未来可能发生的事情.

[01:51.02]Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be

[01:54.76]通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测,

[01:58.49]and try to leave as little as possible to chance,

[02:01.42]从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生.

[02:04.34]but since uncrtainty is always there,risk accompanies decisions.

[02:08.27]但因为总存在着不确定性,所以风险常伴随着决策.

[02:12.21]Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight;

[02:15.47]有时候不明知的决策的结果没什么大不了的,

[02:18.74]at other times they are serious.

[02:21.02]有时却非常严重.

[02:23.31] Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.

[02:26.69] 选择就是从可供选择的事物中进行选择的机会.

[02:30.07]If there is no choice,there is no decision to be made.

[02:33.25]如果没有选择,就不会有决策.

[02:36.42]Decision making is the process of choosing,

[02:39.69]决策是选择的过程,

[02:42.95]and many decisions have a broad range of choice.

[02:46.03]许多决策有很广的可选范围.

[02:49.12]For example,

[02:50.88]例如:

[02:52.64]a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses

[02:55.97]例如:为了完成得到大学学位的决策,

[02:59.30]in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.

[03:02.44]一个学生可以从许多不同的课程中选择.

[03:05.57]For managers,every decision has constraints based on policies,

[03:09.40]对管理者来说,每次决策都受到政策,

[03:13.23]procedures,laws,precedents,and the like.

[03:16.31]程序,法律,惯例等等因素的制约.

[03:19.39]These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.

[03:22.51]这些制约存在于各级组织中.

[03:25.64]Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.

[03:29.61] 供选择的事物是指可供从中选择的可能的行为过程.

[03:33.58]If there are no alternatives,there is no choice and,therefore,no decision.

[03:37.55]如果没有供选择的事物,就不能做出选择,因此,就没有决策.

[03:41.52]If no alternatives are seen,

[03:43.56]如果找不到可供选择的事物,

[03:45.59]often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.

[03:49.22]通常意味着对这个问题还没有做彻底的审查.

[03:52.86]For example,managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion;

[03:56.83]例如:管理者有时用二者择一的方式来处理问题,

[04:00.80]this is their way of simplifying complex problems.

[04:03.44]这是他们简化复杂问题的方式.

[04:06.07]But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.

[04:09.65]但这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的办法.

[04:13.23]At the managerial level,

[04:15.11] 在管理级别上,

[04:16.99]decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them,

[04:21.02]决策包括限定并确定可选择的事物,

[04:25.04]and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.

[04:28.53]其范围从极其有限到实际上无限多.

[04:32.01] Decision makers must have some way of determining

[04:34.94]决策者必须有办法决定

[04:37.86]which of several alternatives is best,

[04:40.24]在若干种可供选择的事物中哪能种是最优的,

[04:42.62]that is which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.

[04:46.64]也就是哪种最有助于完成组织目标.

[04:50.66]An organizational goal

[04:54.50]is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.

[04:57.98]组织目标是组织所追求达到的事件的结束或状态.

[05:01.45]Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about

[05:08.61]how to attain the goals,

[05:10.65]因为个体(和组织)关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点,

[05:12.69]the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.

[05:15.66]哪能种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策.

[05:18.64]Frequently,departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually

[05:23.11]通常,一个组织中的各部门或单位做出的决策对他们个体来说是有益的,

[05:27.58]but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.

[05:30.45]但对更大的组织来说则不是最理想的.

[05:33.32]Called suboptimization,

[05:35.40]所谓的局部最优化,

[05:37.48]this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function

[05:41.45]这种权衡增加了对一个单位或一项职能的好处,

[05:45.42]but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.

[05:48.75]却减少了对其他单位或职能的好处.

[05:52.08]For example,the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget.

[05:56.05]例如:销售经理可能为了提高广告预算而极力说服他人.

[06:00.02]In the larger scheme of things, however,

[06:02.36]可在更大大的方案中,

[06:04.70]increased funding for research to improve the products

[06:10.44]might be more beneficial to the organization.

[06:12.94]提高研究基金以改进产品可能对整体组织更大有益处.

[06:15.43]These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives

[06:22.38]that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.

[06:25.16] 因为组织希望同时达到许多目标,这此权衡就会发生.

[06:27.94]Some of these objectives are more important than others,

[06:31.03]其中一些目标较其他目标更重要,

[06:34.11]but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.

[06:38.63]但其顺序和重要程度在人与人,部门与部门之间则常常不同.

[06:43.15]Different managers define the same problem in different terms.

[06:46.41]不同的管理者用不同的术语定义同样的问题.

[06:49.68]When presented with a common case,sales managers tend to see sales problems,

[06:53.65]当面对一件日常事例时,销售经理倾向于去看销售环节的问题,

[06:57.62]production managers see production problems,and so on.

[07:00.28]生产经理则看生产环节的问题等等.

[07:02.95]The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based,in part,

[07:07.08] 在某种程序上,多种目标的先后顺序和重要性

[07:11.20]on the values of the decision maker.

[07:13.54]也基于决策人的价值观念.

[07:15.88]Such values are personal;they are hard to understand,

[07:18.91]这此价值观具有个人色彩,因为其可变性和复杂性,

[07:21.94]even by the individual,because they are so dynamic and complex.

[07:25.57]即使对个体而言,也很难以理解.

[07:29.20]In many business situations different people's values about

[07:32.43]在许多交易情形下,不同的人们关于风险和盈利的

[07:35.65]acceptable degrees of risk and profitability

[07:41.22]cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.

[07:44.09]可接受程度的价值观念带来对决策正确性的不同意见.

[07:46.96]People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.

[07:50.74] 人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象.

[07:54.51]But from a systems point of view,problems have multiple causes,

[07:58.04]但从系统的观点看,问题有多种原因,

[08:01.57]and decisions have intended and unintended consequences.

[08:05.11]决策有预期的和非预期的结果.

[08:08.65]An organization is an ongoing entity,

[08:11.43]一个组织是一个正在发展中的实体,

[08:14.21]and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.

[08:16.99]现在的决策可能给将来带来深远的影响.

[08:19.77]Thats the skilled manager looks toward the future consequence of current decisions

[08:23.86]因而熟练的管理者会看到当前决策对未来的影响.

[08:27.95]Text B Secrets of Success at an Interview

[08:30.82]面试成功的秘诀

[08:33.70]The subject of today's talk is interviews.

[08:36.04] 今天谈论的话题是面试.

[08:38.37]The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.

[08:41.65] 面试的关键是准备和自信,这将对你具有深远的意义.

[08:44.93]Do your homework first.

[08:46.60] 首先你要做准备工作.

[08:48.27]Find out all you can about the job you are applying for

[08:50.65] 尽量了解你所申请的工作,

[08:53.03]and the organization you hope to work for.

[08:55.07]以及你所希望为之工作的组织机构.

[08:57.10]Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates.

[09:00.28] 我会见过的许多雇主都对应聘者做了同样的批评,

[09:03.45]"They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about.

[09:06.13]"他们不知道日常工作做些什么.

[09:08.81]They have vague notions of 'furthering the company's prospects'

[09:11.54]他们空具'改进公司的前景'

[09:14.27]or of 'serving the community',

[09:16.00]或'服务社区'的模糊概念,

[09:17.74]but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks

[09:22.70]they will be required to do."

[09:24.38]却从来不肯下功夫去发现他们将需要做的实际工作."

[09:26.05]Do not let this be said of you.

[09:27.77] 不要让这些话涉及到你.

[09:29.50]It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.

[09:32.23]这表明你对雇主和工作没有吸引力,不感兴趣.

[09:34.96]Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place.

[09:37.38] 花时间设身处地地为面试接见者想一想.

[09:39.81]He wants somebody who is hard-working

[09:42.00]他需要的是具有友爱的人格,努力工作,

[09:44.18]with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.

[09:46.85]并且对工作怀有真正兴趣的人.

[09:49.53]Anything that you find out about the prospective employer

[09:54.29]can be used to your advantage during the interview

[09:56.47] 你所了解到的朋关未来雇主的任何信息都会在面试中对你有利,

[09:58.65]to show that you have bothered to master some facts

[10:03.01]but the people who you hope to work for.

[10:05.00]它表明你曾费心去了解你希望为之工作的人的有关事情.

[10:06.98]Write down(and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s)

[10:10.01]记录下(并且记住)面试中你想问的问题,

[10:13.04]so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions.

[10:15.56]这样他们请你提问时你就不会哑口无言了.

[10:18.08]Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about.

[10:21.06]你一定不要首先问及休假和报酬.

[10:24.04]If all your questions have been answered during the interview,reply:

[10:26.77]如果你的问题在面试中都得到了回答,你应该这样说:

[10:29.50]"In fact,I did have several questions,but you have already answered them all."

[10:32.62]"事实上,我的确有一些问题,但你们已经做出了回答."

[10:35.74]Do not be afraid to ask for clarification

[10:40.18]of something that has been said during the interview

[10:42.21] 面试中如果你想确认所谈及的内容中有什么隐含意义,

[10:44.23]if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.

[10:47.01]不要害怕请示明示,但一定要有礼貌.

[10:49.80]Just before you go to the interview,

[10:51.68] 在去面试之前,

[10:53.56]look again at the original advertisement that you answered,

[10:55.93]再看看你应征的原始广告,

[10:58.31]any correspondence from your prospective employer,

[11:00.58]你未来雇主的所有信件,

[11:02.86]photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.

[11:06.10]你的求职信或求职表的复印件和你的简历.

[11:09.34]Then you will remember what you said and what they want.

[11:11.82] 这样你就记住了你所说的和他们所希望的.

[11:14.30]This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time