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Branaganetal.DevelopingBMNintoindustrialproducts

2Structuralformationmodelutilisedtodevelopsurfacetechnologysolutions

wearplate.Onenoteisthatthedevelopmentofweldresistanceofthecoatings,whichhasbeensuccessfullyoverlaytechnologytookauniquepathsinceweldingutilisedatanumberofoperatingpowerplants.Figure4b(otherthanlaserweldingwherethedilutionislow)19showsweldoverlayhardfacing/hardbandingappliedtoainvolvesintimatemixingwiththecrystallinesubstrate.tooljointaspartofthetoolstemforoilandgaswellThus,itwasfoundthatitwasverydif culttoretainthedrillingillustratingthehighwearresistanceandlowglassstructureindependentofthecriticalcoolingrateforfrictiontribologicalcouplethatcanbeproduced.metallicglassformationduetothepresenceofcrystallineFigure4cisanexampleofawearpackageutilisingweldheterogeneousnucleationsites.Nevertheless,itwasfoundoverlaytoprovideextremewearprotectiontoalargethattheglassformingnatureofthealloysresultedinhigh26yard3(y20m3)shoveldipper.Figure4disa240tonundercoolingbeforenucleationasshownbythenuclea-(,217metrictons)haultruckwithwearplatesinstalledtionpointtninFig.3c,whichallowedahighnucleationinthebedofthetruckwithover10milliontonsofhardfrequencyandlimitedtimeforgrowthresultinginrockoreprocessed,illustratingresistancetoextrememetallurgicalre nementoftheresultingweldoverlayimpact,highstressabrasionandploughing/gouging.

structure.ThecreationofnovelnearnanoscalestructuresdirectlyduringtheweldingprocesshasresultedincompellingcombinationsofpropertiesincludinglowMonolithictechnology

frictionandhighwear/abrasionresistance.14,20

Inmonolithictechnology,nosubstrateisutilised,soExamplesofsurfacetechnologyapplicationsforBMNthereisnomethodologytodevelopsystemtoughness.arewidespread,andselectedcommercialexamplesofThisnecessitatesinherentmaterialtoughnessrequiringsurfacetechnologyareprovidedinFig.4.Figure4atensileplasticitysoaneffectiveplasticzonecanbeshowsanexampleofawirearccoatingbeingappliedformedaheadofa aworcracktip.Asdiscussedontotheheatexchangetubesofabiomassboilerandispreviously,reducedlengthscalematerialshaveveryillustrativeofthehightemperatureerosionandcorrosion

limitedabilitytodeformatroomtemperature.

Metallic

aphysicalvapourdeposition;bthermalspraycoating;cweldoverlayhardfacing

3ModelCCTdiagramsforsurfacetechnologyshowingtechnologicalexploitationofBMNtonewapplicationtechniques

atincreasinglevelsofthicknesscorrespondingtoreductionsinnecessarycooling

rate

MaterialsScienceandTechnology2013

VOL

29

NO

101195