心理学
Phillipe Pinel ( 1745- 1826 ) , a hospital physician, 1792, then the director of La
Salpêtrière hospital,chain-breaking reform, La Bicêtre, a hospital in Paris,
Jean-Baptiste Pussin
二.艰难而漫长的进步
William Tuke ( 1732 –1822 ), a Quaker tea merchant, 1792, established “York Retreat” Benjamin Rush ( 1745 – 1813 ), the father of American psychiatry,
Dorothea Dix ( 1802 –1887 ), 1841, a Boston retired schoolteacher
1844, a group of 13 hospital administrators formed the Association of Medical
Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane —→ the American Psychiatry
Association,
1900s, Mental hygiene movement
Clifford Beers, 《A Mind Found Himself 》,1908
William Greisinger, German psychiatrist, focused on the role of brain
1. 对心理疾患的迷信/偏见仍普遍存在
2. 心理疾病患者仍然是个人、家庭以及社区的污点和耻辱
3. 并不人道的治疗方法进步:紧身衣,“心理外科手术”,电击
4.新药物的研制——大剂量镇静药
三.催眠与精神分析
1.安东.麦斯麦(1734-1815),麦斯麦术
Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), a Viennes physician, The Influence of Planets, 1766,
magnetism
2. James Braid ( 1795 – 1860 ), an English physician, hypnotism, mesmerized
Ambrose-Auguste Liébault ( 1823 – 1904 ), a French doctor, Nacy, France
Hippolyte-Marie Bernheim ( 1837 – 1919 ),
3.沙可Jean-Martin Charcot ( 1825 –1893 ), an esteemed neurologist in Paris, testing
hypnosis in La Salpêtrière hospital
4. Sigmund Freud ( 1856 – 1939 )
(Catharsis)Cathartic method —→ Psychoanalysis,free association
O.安娜
在治疗中,布鲁伊尔因安娜产生移情而退却
弗洛伊德通过安娜案例发展出自由联想治疗法
Emil Kraepelin ( 1856 – 1926 ), German psychiatrist, 《Textbook of Psychiatry》,1883
对精神病学的影响延续至今
认为精神障碍是由脑功能缺陷引起
对精神障碍进行合理分类,极大促进了精神障碍的诊断与治疗
四.行为主义的崛起
John B. Watson
华生(1878-1958)
华生与其助手罗莎莉. 雷纳完成了―条件的情绪反应实验‖,使小艾伯特发展出了 对小白鼠的恐惧。
琼斯Mary Cover Jones (1896-1987),华生的学生之一,最早采用行为技术消除了儿童对小动物的恐惧。
行为疗法的先驱
Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997) 沃尔普,在南非开业的精神病学家,自1950年代