生物与制药工程专业英语第二三五单元翻译(8)

rticle is determined by the titrimetric method, the test is generally givet under the heading Water, Monograph limits expressed as a percentage are figured on a weight/weight basis unless otherwise specified. Where the determination is made by drying under specified conditions, the test is generally given under the heading Loss drying. However Loss on drying is most often given as the heading where the loss weight is known to represent residual volatile constituents including

organic solvents well as water. 水和损失,在水的干燥或吸附水的水化Pharmacopeial是由条滴定法,测试通常是在标题下面吉水、专著限制百分比来表示,在计算重量/重量相配,除非另有说明。决心是由在干燥在规定的条件下,测试通常是在标题下面损失了干燥。然而损失干燥是最常给标题的如果损失重量是众所周知的挥发性成分代表残留有机溶剂和水。

A The Microbial World

A microbe or microorganism is a member of a large , extremely diverse , group of organisms that are lumped together on the basis of one property-the fact that, normally, they are all that they cannot be seen without the use of a microscope. 细菌或微生物是一个大的、极其多样化、一个性质的集合在一起的生物体。事实上,通常情况下,他们都说他们不使用显微镜不能观察到。 The word is therefore used to describe viruses bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae: the relative sizes and nature of these are shown in Table 5-1,因此,这个词是用来形容病毒细菌、真菌、原生动物和一些藻类相对大小和特性的显示于表格5:1,

However, there are a few exceptions for example, the fruiting bodies of many fungi such as mushrooms are frequently visible to the naked eye； equally, some algae can grow to meters in length. Generally, microbes may be considered as fairly simple organisms.然而,有少数例外,例如,果期的尸体等许多真菌蘑菇经常是肉眼能看得见的;同样,有些藻类能长到米长。一般来说,微生物可以被看作是相当简单的生物体

Most of the bacteria and protozoa and some of the algae and fungi are single celled microorganisms, and even the multi-celled microbes do not have a great range of cell types. Viruses are not even cells, just genetic material surrounded by a protein coat, and are incapable of independent existence.大部分的细菌和原生动物和一些藻类和真菌是单细胞微生物,甚至没有大范围的细胞类型的微生物。病毒甚至没有细胞,就遗传物质包围在蛋白质外衣,不能独立存在。

The science of microbiology did not start until the invention of the microscope in the mid 16th century and it was not until the late 17th century that Robert Hooke and Antoine van Leeuwenhoek made their first records of fungi, bacteria and protozoa.微生物学的科学直到16th世纪中期直到17th世纪后期罗伯特虎克和安东尼·范·列文虎克显微镜的发明才开始——使用显微镜首次记录的真菌、细菌和原生动物The late 19th century was the time when the first real breakthroughs on the role of microbes in the environment nd medicine were made.19th世纪后期是第一个真正的突破的作用在环境医学微生物日。 Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation ( that living organisms spontaneously arose from inorganic materiaD and Robert Koch's development of pure culture techniques allowed him to show unequivocally that a bacterium was respon sible for a particular disease. 路