生物与制药工程专业英语第二三五单元翻译(9)

易·巴斯德否定自然发生的理论,从无机生物自发产生的资料),并且把罗伯特·科赫纯培养技术的发展使他毫不含糊地表明,一种细菌被响应为一个特定的疾病。Since then the science has grown dramatically as microbiology impinges on aIL aspects of life and the environment.自从那时起,科学已经大幅增长,因为微生物在生活的各个方面,保护我们的环境

Within the microbial world can be found two different categories of CEll type , Prokaryole and eukaryole.在微生物世界可以发现两个不同的认同范畴的细胞类型,原核细胞和真核细胞。 Bacteria are Prokaryoies : theylack a distinct nuclear membrane,the organelles associated with energy generation ,such as mitochondria and chlorophlasts,and complex internal membrane, such as endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are faund in euharyotes.原核细菌他们缺少清晰的核膜,与能源相关的细胞器如线粒体和叶绿体和复杂的内部膜,如内质网和高尔基体是真核细胞所发现。 Although the basic mechanisms of DNA replication, RNA ynthesis and protein synthesis are the same in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes,there are in the components, and enzymes involved. These are discussed in the appropriate topics. 虽然基本机制的DNA复制,

历史老照片不能说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清

在两个原核生物和真核生物RNA合成配位化合物和蛋白质合成是相同的,在组成、酶参与。这些都是在适当的讨论话题。

Food. Microbes have been used for thousands of years, in many processes,to produce food, from brewing and wine making, through cheese production and bread making, to the manufacture of soy sauce.微生物已经使用了数千年之久,在许多过程中产生的食物,从酿造葡萄酒的制作过程,通过奶酪生产和面包制作、生产酱油。 At the other end of the scale, microbes are responsible for food spoilage , and diseast causing microbes are frequently carried on food. 在另一端的规模、微生物负责食物变质,致病微生物经常进行的食物。

Biotechnology. Traditionally microbes have been used to synthesize many important chemicals such as acetone and acetic acid.传统的微生物已经被用于许多重要的化工如丙酮、乙酸的合成。 More recently, the advent of genetic engineering techniques has led to the cloning of pharmaceuticallv important polypeptides into microbes, which may be produced on a large scale. 最近,遗传工程技术的出现导致了微生物克隆制药地重要的多肽微生物,which may then be produced on a large scale.这可能会大规模地生产。。

Research, microbes have been used extensively as model , organisms for the investigation of biochemical and genetical processes as they are much easier to work with than more complex animals and plants. 研究,微生物已被广泛用于模型、生物调查与生化和遗传过程要比更复杂的动物和植物运转容易得多,。Millions of copies of the same single cell can be produced in large numbers very quickly and at low cost to give plenty of hornogeneous experimental material 。And additional advaatage is that most people have no ethical objections to experiments with these microorganisms. 数百万份相同的单个细胞能产生大量的、低成本的基因型很快给足够的同质