Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWith
Images
ChapterII
2.1ESPinPerspective
2.1.1
ESP&EEE
EmergenceofESP
a
Aswithmostdevelopmentsinhumanactivity,ESPwasnot
movement,butrather
a
plannedandcoherent
phenomenonthatgrewoutof
a
a
numberofconvergingtrends.
Thesetrendshaveoperatedinthree.main
reasons
varied,ofways
aroundtheworld,butwecanidentify
commontotheemergenceofallESE
ThefirstistheexpansionofdemandforEnglishtosuitparticularneeds.TheendoftheSecond
WorldWar
in
1945heralded
an
ageof
enormous
an
and
unprecedented
expansioninscientific:technicalandeconomicactivit3,on
expansion
internationalscale.This
created’a
in
worldtheir
unifiedand
dominatedby
soon
two
forces--technology
a
and
cornmerce--w,hich
relentless
progressgenerated
demand
for
an
internationallanguage.Forvariousreasons,mostnotablytheeconomicpoweroftheUnited
Statesinthepost-warworld,thisrolefelltoEnglish.AsEnglishbecamethe
a
acceptedinternationallanguageoftechnologyandcommerce,itcreatedoflearnerswhoknewspecificallywhytheywerelearning-womenwhowanted
to
a
newgeneration
and
language--businessmen
sell
theirproducts,mechanicswhohadtoreadinstruction
a
manuals,doctorswhoneededtokeepupwithdevelopmentsintheirfieldandrangeofstudentswhose
course
whole
ofstudyincludedtextbooksand
journalsonlyavailablein
English.AlltheseandmanyothersneededEngHshand,mostimportantly,theyknewwhytheyneededit.
Atthesame
t.ime,influential
newideasbegan
to
emergeinthestudyoflanguage
TraditionallytheaimoflinguisticshadbeentodescribetherulesofEnglishusage,thatis,
thegrammar.Howeverthenet,studiesshiftedattentionawayfrom
definingtheformal
featuresofreal
language
usagetodiscoveringthewaysinwhichlanguageisactuallyusedin
findingofthisresearch
a
communication(Widdowson,1978).One
wasthatthe
languagespokenandwrittenvariesconsiderably,andin
numberofdifferentways,from