英文病例书写(4)

英文病例书写

a)表示以前开始的动作继续到现在的状态：

例1：He came here 2 weeks ago, and has been lying sick with a cold

since then.

例2：The patient has recently had experience of memory loss and of spells of dizziness. For the preceding 5 years she has been receiving treatment for hypertension.

b)表示「习惯」：

例1：The patient has been smoking excessively.

例2：She has been chewing a wad of bubble gum all day.

注：常用的连用副词为：since, for, how long？,these, form, always

等。

比较：

例1：He has been learning medicine for 5 years. (继续)

例2：He has learned medicine for 5 years. (经验)

2．既往历(past history)：大半用过去式，但发生过去某一定时间以前者，宜

用过去完成式；如果疾病发生的前后关系甚明显，或以年代顺序记载

时，仍可用过去式。

1)A.过去式：用以表示过去的动作、状态、习惯等且与现在的情形毫无关

联。

a)发生于过去某时者：

例1：An unknown number of years ago he was said to have pneumonia.

例2：In addition to the above symptoms, he noted some vague abdominal pain for a couple of months in the past.

例3：At that time she had a slight nonproductive cough and mild exertional dyspnea.

例4：Before therapy, she was unable to swallow anything but small sips of water.

b)过去某时以后的状态：

例1：In the previous month she noticed that the stools were greatly flattened. Subsequently she became aware of a bearing-down pain the rectum.

例2：Menarche occurred at age 13, thereafter menses were regular, every 28 days, lasting 3 to 4 days each time.

例3：The patient had tinnitus in his left ear 10 years before being discharged for the military service. Several year later, he noted loss of hearing on the left.

例4：In June 1956, a sterilizing operation was performed at a hospital. For the ensuing 5 months the patient was troubled with intermittent attacks of vague abdominal pain.

例5：Two years after this episode she had one short attack of vertigo but has been attack-free for 2 years.

注1：过去式常用的连用副词：ago, last night, yesterday, the day before

yesterday, the other day, this morning , just now等。

注2：现在完成和过去两者都可用的连用副词：just, ever, lately, recently, once, always, already, this morning, today, every night, this week, these